Type of railway fastening system

Classified by connection to ballast
Separate fastener: there is an iron cushion plate, and the fastener firmly fixes the rail on the iron cushion plate, and the iron cushion plate is connected by the anchor bolt and the embedded insulation sleeve embedded in the sleeper or track plate.
No open fastener: there is generally no iron cushion plate (except German Vossloh300 fastener and Chinese WJ-8 fastener), there is only one layer of rail underplate between the rail and the sleeper or track plate, and the fastener of the fastener system is directly connected to the embedded insulation sleeve in the concrete sleeper or concrete track plate.
Classified according to the mode of bearing horizontal force
Shoulder fastener: It is necessary to set a rail groove on the sleeper or track plate to withstand the transverse force of the wheel and rail transmitted by the rail.
No shoulder fastener: No rail groove is required, and the fastener directly acts on the underrail pad or the iron pad.
Classified by gauge adjustment mode
Graded adjustment fastener: The gauge adjustment is carried out according to a certain level, such as adjusting 1mm or 2mm each time.
Stepless adjustment fasteners: the gauge can be continuously adjusted within a certain range, such as arbitrary adjustment within the range of ±8mm.
Classified by fastening form of fastener
Bolted fastener: Fastener and sleeper or track plate are fastened together by bolts.
Bolt-free fastener: For example, the type III fastener of the spring bar adopts a bolt-free structure and is tightened through the bending and torsional deformation of the spring bar.
Classification by fastener material
Metal fasteners: such as elastic strips, fasteners, etc., are mainly made of metal materials.
Non-metal fasteners: Although not common, it is theoretically possible to have fasteners made of high-strength plastic or other non-metal materials.
Category by application scenario
Wooden tie fastener: Used for connecting rail and wooden tie on wooden tie track.
Concrete sleeper fastener: Used for connecting steel rail and concrete sleeper on concrete sleeper track.
Bridge plate rail fasteners: specially used for plate rail structures on Bridges.