There are several types of railway fastening systems

Shrapnel fastener system: Use the elasticity of the shrapnel to fix the rail to the rail pillow. However, it should be noted that the arched shrapnel fastener is no longer used on Chinese railways due to low strength and easy deformation.
Fastener system: The fastener is used as the fastener to fix the rail to the rail pillow. The buckle fastener was widely used in the early days, but due to the problems of insufficient elasticity and low buckle pressure, it has been gradually replaced by the snap fastener in China railway.
Elastic bar fastening system: The elastic bar is used as the fastening part, and the rail is fixed on the rail pillow by the bending deformation and torsion deformation of the material. The spring bar fastener has a reasonable structure and has become the main fastener of China's concrete sleeper track.

Wooden tie fastener: used on wooden tie track, according to the relationship between the connecting rail, the backing plate and the wooden tie, it can be divided into sub-lift and hybrid.
Split fastener: Separate the bolts or spikes that hold the rail and the iron plate.
Hybrid fastener: composed of iron cushion plate and spike, the hook head spike directly connects the rail with the iron cushion plate and the sleeper together.
Concrete sleeper fastener: Used on concrete sleeper, the fastener performance requirements are higher. According to its structure, it can be divided into elastic fasteners, fastener plate fasteners, and shrapnel fasteners (which are no longer used); According to the elasticity of the fastener itself can be divided into rigid fastener and elastic fastener; According to the concrete sleeper with or without shoulder, it is divided into shoulder fasteners and shoulder fasteners without shoulder fasteners.